Approximating periodic solutions to the coupled Duffing equations amounts to solving a system of polynomial equations. The number of complex solutions measures the algebraic complexity of this approximation problem. Using the theory of Khovanskii bases, we show that this number is given by the volume of a polytope. We also show how to compute all solutions using numerical nonlinear algebra.

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doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2025.110492
Advances in Mathematics
New frontiers in numerical nonlinear algebra
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam (CWI), The Netherlands

Breiding, P., Michalek, M., Monin, L., & Telen, S. J. L. (2025). The algebraic degree of coupled oscillators. Advances in Mathematics, 480. doi:10.1016/j.aim.2025.110492